Climate variability and change increasingly threaten Indonesia’s coastal population and infrastructure, as well as the country’s ecologically and economically important tropical forests and coastal ecosystems. With its extensive coastline and millions of people living on low-lying land just above sea level, Indonesia is among the world’s most vulnerable countries to sea level rise. Indonesia is vulnerable to other weather-related disasters such as forest and land fires, landslides, storms, and drought that have destroyed infrastructure and degraded forest and coastal ecosystems, leading to loss of life, property, ecosystem services, and livelihoods. Much of Indonesia’s greenhouse gas emissions are from land-use change and forestry, followed by energy, agriculture, waste, and industrial processes.